• Business Growth & Optimisation

What is a SKU? The Complete Guide to Stock-keeping Units

4 min. read26.09.2024
By Team Zeller

A stock-keeping unit (SKU) is a set of alphanumeric digits, usually eight to ten characters, that retailers use for tracking inventory. SKUs enable businesses to label items with a code to identify and efficiently track products and stock levels in their point-of-sale system. A SKU usually consists of the item name, product information (colour/size), and manufacturer details or identifier number, for example, TSH-PNK-MED-001 (T-shirt, pink, medium, identifier number). These codes can either be created manually or automatically generated via your POS system.

Ultimately, SKUs allow you to keep track of how many items you have sold and how many are remaining either on-premises or online, to avoid overstocking or stock-outs.

SKUs and inventory management

SKUs help organise stock by uniquely identifying each product, making it easier to track and monitor inventory. Businesses can track product amounts and find their exact location. This location can be in a warehouse, store, or sold. This enables accurate stock tracking, helping identify best sellers or overstocked items for better inventory decisions.

In inventory management, SKUs are crucially important. They help automate restocking when stock levels get low. This ensures good stock control and prevents shortages. This integration allows businesses to streamline operations and improve decision-making.

White Zeller Terminal 2 on wooden countertop surrounded by plants

What is the difference between a SKU and a barcode?

A barcode is made up of a 12-digit number known as a universal product code (UPC) which is assigned to products when it is manufactured.

While both barcodes and SKUs are designed to identify products, they are used in different contexts. For example, let’s say a manufacturer produces a variety of shampoos under the same brand. The manufacturer would use a barcode (UPC) to track how many bottles of each shampoo are shipped to retailers.

On the other hand, the retailers would create SKUs for those bottles of shampoo to manage their stock. For instance, a retailer might create different SKUs for the same brand's shampoo based on specific attributes such as size, variant, or scent to track how many units of each type are sold or in stock.

Example:

  • Brand: Shirley’s Shampoo

  • Category: Shampoo (SH)

  • Variant: Anti-dandruff (AD), Moisturising (MO), or Volumising (VL)

  • Size: 250ml or 500ml

  • Store Code: Store A (STA)

SKU vs UPC comparison

So, the retailer's SKU for a 250ml bottle of Shirley’s Anti-Dandruff Shampoo might look like — SH-AD-250-STA. Meanwhile, the 500ml bottle of Shirley’s Moisturising Shampoo version could be — SH-MO-500-STA. This allows the retailer to track different sizes and variants of the same shampoo brand effectively in their POS system. The following table below details the differences between a stock-keeping unit and a universal product code.

AttributeStock-keeping Unit (SKU)Universal Product Code (UPC)
PurposeInternal inventory tracking within a specific retailer.Global product identification and scanning at checkout.
FormatAlphanumeric, customised by the retailer (no fixed length, five to 15 characters).Numeric, standardised (12 digits, e.g., 012345678905).
Created ByA retailer or business.Vendors, manufacturers, or global organisations.
UniquenessUnique to each retailer, brand, unit.Same globally across all retailers.
UsageUsed for managing stock, sales trends, and reordering.Used for checkout, inventory tracking, and supply chain management.
FlexibilityHighly flexible; can be adjusted to business needs.Standardised and cannot be changed once assigned.

How to create and manage SKUs

While there are two simple ways to create SKUs — either manually in a spreadsheet or automatically through a SKU generator  — there are several effective strategies to manage them.

  1. Description and consistency
    Ensure a clear and consistent SKU description that is easily understandable. The format could be either short or long, but it needs to be easily understood and categorised accordingly. Use simple abbreviations such as ‘BEV’ for beverage, ‘CON’ for confectionery, ‘APP’ for apparel, for example.

  2. Training and updates
    Regular updates and reviews are required to keep SKUs consistent and comprehensible. Your staff also need to be trained in the SKU management process to avoid errors and misunderstandings.

  3. Scalability
    While writing SKUs may seem like something you can figure out on the go; a strategy and careful planning are required to create a system that is scalable. It’s important to create a SKU system that will grow with your business, so be sure to consider future inventory when building your library.

SKUs made simple with Zeller POS Lite

Manually categorising items and managing SKUs can be tedious and time-consuming, which is why it pays to have a POS system to simplify the process. Zeller POS Lite is a user-friendly point-of-sale system, built-in to Zeller Terminal 2, which allows retailers to quickly create and manage a SKU system — affordably. Whether you’re setting up from scratch or migrating from an existing POS, Zeller POS Lite simplifies the process of building an item library with images, descriptions, prices, and categories. You can upload an item list in CSV format, or create one directly on the terminal or via Zeller Dashboard. Plus, all changes are synced in real-time, ensuring your SKU system is always up-to-date.

Ready to get started with Zeller POS Lite?

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Best POS Systems 2025: The Ultimate Point of Sale Guide for Retail, Restaurants and More

With hundreds of point-of-sale (POS) providers in Australia, selecting the right one can be an overwhelming task. In this article, we outline the key factors to consider when choosing a POS, and recommend some of the best providers for your industry. If you’re a new or existing business owner, by now, you probably know  what a point-of-sale system is and how it works . The next step is choosing a solution that is appropriate to your business size and industry. To help make the right decision, read our list of considerations below and make note of which ones are the most (and least) important to your business, so that when you’re in conversation with a POS provider, you can be well equipped to ask the right questions. Then, learn which POS providers are the most popular among cafes, quick-service restaurants, dine-in restaurants, retail businesses, and bars and clubs. Important considerations when choosing the best POS system for your business. Hardware POS hardware refers to the physical devices that make up your POS system. This could include any or all of: a computer or display unit, a receipt printer, a barcode scanner, a cash drawer, and an EFTPOS machine. While large businesses may require a full suite of hardware, many smaller businesses can get away with little more than a tablet or smartphone. Portable devices like Zeller Terminal 2 (which has a POS system built-in) are often referred to as mobile POS or ‘ mPOS ’, and they provide excellent functionality, allowing merchants to do everything from managing their inventory to taking payments all from the one machine. Software The functionality of the POS software will arguably be the biggest factor in determining your final choice. If you are a retail business, you may want to prioritise a robust inventory management system – this will allow you to easily track stock levels, anticipate when popular items will run out, and stay on budget. For hospitality businesses, a floor management system may also be required to manage table seating and reservations. Additional functionality includes sales reporting, for managing cash flow; employee management, for automatically logging hours and tracking performance; and customer relationship management (CRM), for collecting customer data and implementing targeted marketing campaigns. While these are the most common and basic features of POS systems, those designed for individual industries will offer even more specialised features. Ease of use Think about who will be using the POS system on a day-to-day basis. Do you have a high turnover rate of employees? If so, consider how easy it will be to train new staff to use the software. A simple, intuitive interface will greatly reduce human error, which, in a fast-paced environment, could be critical. Integration For most businesses, their POS provider cannot just work alone, it will need to be able to integrate into a number of different systems. The accounting software,  payments provider , and/or e-commerce platform you use (or are planning to use) should ideally integrate with your POS system. By enabling information to flow easily between systems, you will greatly increase the efficiency of your operations, saving you and your team time and money. Take note of what platforms a POS provider integrates with before making a decision, as this can become a frustrating roadblock later on if it is neglected. Customer support How quickly and easily you can contact your POS provider is something that can be easily overlooked – but it’s extremely important. If you decide to go with a POS system that offers all the bells and whistles, but doesn’t have anyone to pick up the phone when you need help, this will quickly lead to frustration and potentially lost revenue. Check the provider’s website and LinkedIn: are their offices based in Australia? What are their customer service hours? Do they have a robust support centre with help articles and troubleshooting resources? Will you be assigned an account manager? Additionally, how quickly you need to get up and running is an important consideration. Many traditional POS providers require a technician to come out and set up the hardware and software, whereas newer web-based systems are often self-service and can be entirely set up remotely. Multi-location Do you run a multi-location operation or are you planning on scaling in the future? If so, it’s important to be sure that the POS software is equipped to deal with multi-venue requirements. Being able to push updates to machines at several venues at once, aggregating reporting from all venues, and monitoring stock transfers between locations, are just some of the features you’ll want to ensure your POS provider can support. Cost With varying pieces of equipment, features, minimum requirements, and pricing models, understanding exactly how much you’re going to pay for a POS service is not easy. To avoid bill-shock later on, make sure you understand exactly how each aspect of the service is priced. Are you buying the hardware outright or will you access it on a rental agreement? Is the software licence a one-time purchase or a monthly/annual subscription? Is there a cost associated with ongoing support and maintenance? Will you pay a fee each time a transaction is processed through the POS? Ensure you ask any potential POS provider all these questions before signing a contract. Best POS providers by industry The table below presents some of the best POS providers available to Australian business owners, organised by industry, with some of their noteworthy features listed on the right hand side. For a comprehensive list of features, be sure to contact the POS provider directly and request a demo before signing up. Let Zeller manage your payments. No matter how you prefer to manage your checkout process, Zeller is Australia’s leading payments provider, tailored to meet your business needs. For smaller or mobile businesses with a limited inventory, Zeller offers Zeller POS Lite, built into Zeller Terminal 2 at no extra cost. Larger, more established businesses can benefit from Zeller Terminal’s seamless integration with over 600 different POS platforms. Whether you’re looking for a simple, cost-effective mobile solution or a fully integrated EFTPOS machine with advanced features like tipping, bill-splitting, and custom screensavers, Zeller’s platform is designed to evolve with your business. Chat with our sales team today to set up Zeller POS Lite, or explore our Zeller Partner Hub to find the perfect POS integration for your business.

What is a POS System and How Does It Work?

Whether you’re running a small market stall or a multi-venue operation, your point of sale will be the hub of your business. To help you choose the right setup, this article outlines how POS systems work and what you can expect from their hardware and software. What is a POS system? POS stands for point of sale, it refers to the place (in-person or online) where customers complete a purchase. A POS system is the combined hardware and software that is used to facilitate these purchases and assist the business in tracking and managing the sales. Today, POS systems encompass a variety of functions, including (but not limited to): Processing orders Taking payments Tracking inventory Providing sales analytics Generating receipts and order dockets Gathering marketing data Implementing customer loyalty programs POS systems vary greatly depending on the size of a business and the industry it's in, and come in the form of physical devices – such as countertop machines and mobile POS or 'mPOS' terminals – or virtual checkout points via online apps and kiosks for self-service orders. For small businesses, a smartphone or mobile device may suffice, while larger more complex operations may require computer systems, barcode scanners, receipt printers, and more. Read on to learn more about how POS systems work and the hardware and software included. How does a POS system work? There are four main steps involved in the point-of-sale process. Your POS system will use the data generated by the sale to offer you helpful business insights, and identify marketing opportunities. You will be able to understand which products are most popular, when your busiest time of day is, who your most valuable customers are, and more. What hardware is typically included in a POS system? If you operate a food truck or a market stall, you may opt for a mobile POS solution (also known as MPOS) which can be operated from a smartphone, tablet, or mobile EFTPOS terminal. However, for larger businesses, there is a range of POS hardware that can help support your operations. The following are the most typical pieces of hardware that are included in a POS system. Display and computer Many POS systems comprise a countertop computer where merchants can manage transactions, as well as a display that faces the customer. Traditionally, these machines have been bulky monitors with in-built cash drawers, but today, more and more businesses are opting for sleeker tablet-style setups. EFTPOS machine Businesses that process payments in-person, will at the very minimum, require an EFTPOS machine to accept card and contactless payments. These machines are most often supplied by a financial services provider like  Zeller  or a traditional banking institution. For smaller, more agile businesses that don’t want to be anchored down to the checkout counter, smartphone-based card readers such as  Tap to Pay with Zeller App  allow customers to make their purchase anywhere in the store. Cash drawer In Australia today, less than 20% of transactions use cash, which is why many businesses are choosing to go cashless. However, for those still accepting cash, you will need a cash drawer within your POS set up to securely store money securely and provide change to customers. Receipt printer While many modern POS providers are able to send digital receipts to customers via SMS or email, you may choose to offer your customers the option of a paper receipt. Additionally, if you run a hospitality business, you may need to print order dockets for the kitchen. In both cases, you will need a receipt and/or docket printer as part of your POS setup. Barcode scanner For businesses with a large product inventory, barcode scanners are a helpful way to quickly pull product information and add the cost to the checkout total. They help automate the checkout process, creating a faster and smoother customer experience. Plus, barcode scanners integrate with inventory management systems to automatically adjust stock levels. What features can I expect from POS software? Payment processing The most basic and important feature of a POS system is to accept payments. Depending on the needs of your business, this may include any or all of the following: Cash processing Accepting secure online payments through your eCommerce site Accepting credit and debit cards with an embedded chip Accepting contactless payments with mobile wallets (e.g., Google Pay, Apple Pay, Android Pay) Processing card-not-present transactions (ie. when your customer and their card aren’t in front of you so you have to manually enter their card details via  MOTO  or a  virtual terminal ) Inventory management Most POS systems include software that will automatically update your inventory whenever a customer orders a meal, or buys or returns an item. This allows you to easily track stock levels, anticipate when popular items will run out, and stay on budget by purchasing supplies only when necessary. Depending on the needs of your business you can find POS software that: Digitally scans products and counts them Manages stock variations (eg. size, colour, style, etc.) Uses unique serial numbers to track inventory Monitors inventory across multiple locations Automatically reorders popular items Table management For dine-in hospitality businesses, a POS system can also aid in managing floors and tables. Some software allows restaurants to make a visual floor plan, allowing staff to see what tables are occupied, reserved, and available at a glance. POS software can also help staff to make bookings and manage reservations, waitlists, and track table turnover rates to help managers identify peak times and optimise seating arrangements. Sales reporting For businesses to effectively manage their cash flow, sales need to be recorded, categorised, and updated in real-time.POS software can provide daily, weekly, and monthly sales reports, ranging from high-level summaries to comprehensive detailed analytics. These sales and revenue reports can help to identify top-selling products and seasonal trends, revenue trends, purchasing behaviours, return rates, how profitable products or services are, and more. Employee management In retail or restaurant environments, where many employees work hourly, POS systems can simplify time tracking and scheduling. Instead of manually logging hours, employees can clock in and out with a card swipe or code entry, enabling precise tracking of hourly wages. This system also facilitates quick identification of top-performing employees, particularly those working on commission. Customer relationship management (CRM) Some POS software doubles as a customer relationship management (CRM) tool, consolidating customer data and trends and enabling you to track purchase histories effectively. These POS systems will collect customer information (such as name, age, birthday, phone number and email address), associate sales with specific customers, help you implement customer loyalty programs, and integrate with email or SMS marketing tools. What is the difference between cloud and on-premise POS? Traditionally, POS systems have been installed and run on a computer or server on the business premises — referred to as “on-premise”. However, today, more and more cloud-based systems have become available, offering a POS that is entirely decentralised and accessed online. So, the principal difference between on-premise POS systems and their cloud-based counterparts is that the former is installed and run on a computer physically located on the business premises, while the latter is hosted on remote servers and accessed through the internet. To learn about the pros and cons of each system, read our blog article on the differences between  cloud and on-premise POS  here. Let Zeller take care of your payments. While choosing a POS might take some further consideration (read our article on the best POS systems for small businesses here), choosing an EFTPOS provider is easy. Zeller is Australia’s favourite payments platform, trusted by thousands of businesses ranging from sole traders to national franchises. Whether you need a simple, zero-cost mobile solution or a fully integrated EFTPOS machine with the most advanced features (think tipping, bill-splitting, screensavers and more), Zeller’s platform is designed to adapt to the requirements of your business. Get in touch with us today to find out how we can help.

Introducing the Next Generation of Payments and POS: Zeller Terminal 2

Innovated and engineered in Melbourne, Zeller Terminal 2 features a never-before-seen design, and a built-in point-of-sale. Discover what’s under the hood of this fully integrated, all-in-one payments and POS solution. Whether you’re starting a new business or scaling up, one of the best things you can invest in to support your growth is the right technology to manage payments and inventory. However, we know that POS software and managing multiple providers can be costly to growing businesses. It’s why we're introducing Zeller Terminal 2 : a next-generation payment terminal that comes with a free, built-in point-of-sale (POS) app, Zeller POS Lite . Building on the reliability, ease-of-use, and affordability of its predecessor, Zeller Terminal 2 offers businesses even more powerful functionality when it comes to tracking and recording sales, and elevating the customer experience, all at an extremely affordable price. Here’s what you can expect from this latest release: Sleek hardware design. The first noticeable feature about Zeller Terminal 2 is its new sleek profile. Its sleek, ergonomic design is the first of its kind, and lends itself both to being hand-held or placed on the countertop. It comes in three stylish colours: white, black, and graphite grey, allowing you to customise the payment experience to your business’s aesthetic. Paperless receipts. A recent study* revealed that Australia produces 10.6 billion paper receipts annually, but because of their chemical coating, none of them can be recycled. With consumers and businesses becoming increasingly aware of their environmental footprint, many are choosing digital receipts as a convenient and sustainable alternative. Zeller Terminal 2 embraces this step forward, doing away with a receipt printer all together. Instead, customers can choose to have their receipts sent via email or SMS, or they can quickly scan a QR code which appears on-screen after the payment has been processed, and allows them to download their receipt directly to their smartphone. Built-in point-of-sale system. The most notable feature of Zeller Terminal 2, is its built-in cloud point-of-sale software: Zeller POS Lite. Designed for micro, small, and mobile businesses, this free, easy-to-use POS solution records sales and delivers a fast and secure customer checkout experience – without the need for cumbersome or complex POS hardware and software. With Zeller POS Lite, you can: Add an item library:  Add and edit new items via Zeller Dashboard or directly on Zeller Terminal 2, or upload an existing library from your previous POS with a bulk item import. You can also use the same library for  Zeller Invoices . Manage your items:  Update item details including images, descriptions, prices, categories, and generate automatic SKUs. Any product changes are made in real-time and synced across all platforms. Create variants and modifiers: Customise your product offering with modifiers (options that can be added or changed – such as alternative milk, toppings, or special requests) and variants (size, style, colour, etc.). Customise your grid:  Quickly access top sellers or frequently used items, discounts, or categories on your home screen to keep the queue moving and customers happy. Set up multiple sites:  If you expand your business, simply purchase another Zeller Terminal 2 for your new location and log in. All your items will be available and any site-specific attributes, modifiers, or discounts can be added as needed. Generate itemised receipts:  Offer customers an itemised receipt via email, SMS, or QR code. View detailed sales reports:  Understand what you are selling and when with detailed reports highlighting sales patterns, popular items, and revenue streams. Note, this feature will be available in the coming weeks. Manage discounts:  Create and manage discounts via Zeller Dashboard, Terminal 2 and add descriptions to different discounts for greater clarity. Get set up instantly, for free: Zeller POS Lite comes automatically installed on Zeller Terminal 2, with no monthly software fees or additional charges. All you need to do is follow the steps to set up your item library, and start selling. Light or dark mode and customisable screensavers. Zeller Terminal 2 is designed to suit the aesthetic of your business. Not only does the hardware come in three colours, but the interface can also be customised to match your style. Choose from light or dark mode, and set a custom screensaver to give your device a branded look. Plus, all the features you know and love. While boasting all-new functionality and a fresh design, Zeller Terminal 2 does not compromise on any of the features that our customers have grown to love. Zeller Terminal 2 continues to accept payments from all cards and devices, integrates seamlessly with over 600 third-party POS providers, and offers reliable Wi-Fi, 4G SIM card, and Ethernet connectivity. Plus, automated surcharging, tipping, and split payments can all be switched on or off depending on the needs of your business. Who is Zeller Terminal 2 designed for? Zeller Terminal 2 is an EFTPOS solution that is designed to adapt to any Australian business – no matter the size or industry. For smaller or mobile businesses – cafés, ice cream shops, bakeries, food trucks, market vendors, florists, or retail stores and event venues with a limited inventory – Zeller Terminal 2 with Zeller POS Lite can serve as an end-to-end point-of-sale and payments solution. Combining payments, sales processing, and financial management into one ecosystem, these businesses can get paid faster, reduce operational costs, and keep a closer eye on their inventory and cash flow. While for larger multi-location businesses and enterprises, the ability to integrate Zeller Terminal 2 with over 600 third-party POS providers means you can get the best of Zeller’s EFTPOS technology with your preferred checkout experience. Franchises or businesses that require a fleet of devices, will benefit from Zeller’s unbeatable affordability, advanced multi-venue reporting, and the ability to manage their entire EFTPOS fleet in one place. Premium payments at an affordable price. Whether you run a small mobile coffee cart or a multi-venue enterprise, Zeller Terminal 2 is designed to adapt to your needs – both in functionality and style. Integrated into Zeller’s existing ecosystem, it provides businesses with a comprehensive overview of their finances, eliminating the need for multiple providers, streamlining the sales process, and ultimately getting them paid faster. Retailing at just $199, with a low, flat transaction fee of 1.4% and no monthly rental fees, Zeller Terminal 2 is Australia’s most affordable all-in-one POS and payments solution. Taking less and giving you more, Zeller Terminal 2 is the ultimate ally for accelerating your business growth. *‘Life Journey of an Average Receipt’ report, commissioned by Slyp, undertaken by the University of Technology Sydney (UTS).

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